Chr.) In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power.Gabinius was put on trial in Rome for abusing his authority, for which he was acquitted, but his second trial for accepting bribes led to his exile, from which he was recalled seven years later in 48 BC by Caesar.Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler.Despite Cleopatra's rejection of him, Ptolemy XIII still retained powerful allies, notably the eunuch In Greece, Caesar and Pompey's forces engaged each other at the decisive Ptolemy XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival.When Ptolemy XIII realized that his sister was in the palace consorting directly with Caesar, he attempted to rouse the populace of Alexandria into a riot, but he was arrested by Caesar, who used his oratorical skills to calm the frenzied crowd.Judging that this agreement favored Cleopatra over Ptolemy XIII and that the latter's army of 20,000, including the Gabiniani, could most likely defeat Caesar's army of 4,000 unsupported troops, Potheinos decided to have Achillas lead their forces to Alexandria to attack both Caesar and Cleopatra.Sometime between January and March of 47 BC, Caesar's reinforcements arrived, including those led by Caesar's term as consul had expired at the end of 48 BC.Caesar is alleged to have joined Cleopatra for a cruise of the Nile and sightseeing of Caesar departed from Egypt around April 47 BC, allegedly to confront Cleopatra and her nominal joint ruler Ptolemy XIV visited Rome sometime in late 46 BC, presumably without Caesarion, and were given lodging in Caesar's villa within the Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the By the end of 42 BC, Octavian had gained control over much of Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC.Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise.By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor Mark Antony's Parthian campaign in the east was disrupted by the events of the In December 40 BC Cleopatra received Herod in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children, Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign.In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic.As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at Dellius was sent as Antony's envoy to Artavasdes II in 34 BC to negotiate a potential In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years.In a speech to the Roman Senate on the first day of his consulship on 1Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire.During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce.Antony and Cleopatra had a larger fleet than Octavian, but the crews of Antony and Cleopatra's navy were not all well-trained, some of them perhaps from merchant vessels, whereas Octavian had a fully professional force.Cleopatra and Antony had the support of various allied kings, but Cleopatra had already been in conflict with Herod, and an earthquake in Judea provided him with an excuse to be absent from the campaign.On 2 September 31 BC the naval forces of Octavian, led by While Octavian occupied Athens, Antony and Cleopatra landed at Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion.Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC,Octavian entered Alexandria, occupied the palace, and seized Cleopatra's three youngest children.Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to After her suicide, Cleopatra's three surviving children, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, were sent to Rome with Octavian's sister Cleopatra Selene II died around 5 BC, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy.Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the Surviving coinage of Cleopatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC.The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra,Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, with a "melon" hairstyle and Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces, administrative acts, and publications on Left: A Roman head of either Cleopatra or her daughter harvtxt error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBradford2000 (For a thorough explanation about the foundation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great and its largely For the list of languages spoken by Cleopatra as mentioned by the ancient historian Due to discrepancies in academic works, in which some consider For political background information on the Roman annexation of Cyprus, a move pushed for in the For further information on Roman financier Rabirius, as well as the Gabiniani left in Egypt by Gabinius, see For further information about Publius Ventidius Bassus and his victory over For the translated accounts of both Plutarch and Dio, Contrary to regular Roman provinces, Egypt was established by Octavian as territory under his personal control, barring the Roman Senate from intervening in any of its affairs and appointing his own For further information and extracts of Strabo's account of Cleopatra in his For the description of Cleopatra by Plutarch, who claimed that her beauty was not "completely incomparable" but that she had a "captivating" and "stimulating" personality, see There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts".

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